Embedding a θ\theta-invariant code into a complete one

Let A be a finite or countable alphabet and let $\theta$ be a literal (anti-)automorphism onto A * (by definition, such a correspondence is determinated by a permutation of the alphabet). This paper deals with sets which are invariant under $\theta$ ($\theta$-invariant for short) that is, languages L such that $\theta$ (L) is a subset of L.We establish an extension of the famous defect theorem. With regards to the so-called notion of completeness, we provide a series of examples of finite complete $\theta$-invariant codes. Moreover, we establish a formula which allows to embed any non-complete $\theta$-invariant code into a complete one. As a consequence, in the family of the so-called thin $\theta$--invariant codes, maximality and completeness are two equivalent notions.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.0556

A generalization of Girod's bidirectional decoding method to codes with a finite deciphering delay

International audienceGirod"s encoding method has been introduced in order to efficiently decode from both directions messages encoded by using prefix codes. In the present paper, we generalize this method to codes with a finite deciphering delay. In particular, we show that our decoding algorithm can be realized by a deterministic finite transducer. We also investigate some properties of the corresponding unlabeled graph

Educación para la Salud en las escuelas

La educación para la salud ha sido definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como la encargada de promover, organizar y orientar los procesos educativos tendientes a influir en los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionadas con la salud del individuo y la comunidad. Debe reorientarse en el sentido de trasmitir información que explícitamente responsabilice al individuo con su comportamiento y las enfermedades que de ello se derivan; asimismo, ha de facilitar y ayudar a comprender toda la cadena causal que ocasiona su conducta y apoyar la trasformación de la realidad social que induce, viabiliza y promueve estilos de vida perjudiciales para la salud.Categoría: Trabajos de extensión.Facultad de Odontologí

Educación para la Salud en las escuelas

La educación para la salud ha sido definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como la encargada de promover, organizar y orientar los procesos educativos tendientes a influir en los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionadas con la salud del individuo y la comunidad. Debe reorientarse en el sentido de trasmitir información que explícitamente responsabilice al individuo con su comportamiento y las enfermedades que de ello se derivan; asimismo, ha de facilitar y ayudar a comprender toda la cadena causal que ocasiona su conducta y apoyar la trasformación de la realidad social que induce, viabiliza y promueve estilos de vida perjudiciales para la salud.Categoría: Trabajos de extensión.Facultad de Odontologí

Educación para la Salud en las escuelas

La educación para la salud ha sido definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como la encargada de promover, organizar y orientar los procesos educativos tendientes a influir en los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas relacionadas con la salud del individuo y la comunidad. Debe reorientarse en el sentido de trasmitir información que explícitamente responsabilice al individuo con su comportamiento y las enfermedades que de ello se derivan; asimismo, ha de facilitar y ayudar a comprender toda la cadena causal que ocasiona su conducta y apoyar la trasformación de la realidad social que induce, viabiliza y promueve estilos de vida perjudiciales para la salud.Categoría: Trabajos de extensión.Facultad de Odontologí

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Time to Switch to Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Europe and Thailand.

Background: Data on durability of first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are limited. We assessed time to switch to second-line therapy in 16 European countries and Thailand. Methods: Children aged <18 years initiating combination ART (≥2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] plus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor [NNRTI] or boosted protease inhibitor [PI]) were included. Switch to second-line was defined as (i) change across drug class (PI to NNRTI or vice versa) or within PI class plus change of ≥1 NRTI; (ii) change from single to dual PI; or (iii) addition of a new drug class. Cumulative incidence of switch was calculated with death and loss to follow-up as competing risks. Results: Of 3668 children included, median age at ART initiation was 6.1 (interquartile range (IQR), 1.7-10.5) years. Initial regimens were 32% PI based, 34% nevirapine (NVP) based, and 33% efavirenz based. Median duration of follow-up was 5.4 (IQR, 2.9-8.3) years. Cumulative incidence of switch at 5 years was 21% (95% confidence interval, 20%-23%), with significant regional variations. Median time to switch was 30 (IQR, 16-58) months; two-thirds of switches were related to treatment failure. In multivariable analysis, older age, severe immunosuppression and higher viral load (VL) at ART start, and NVP-based initial regimens were associated with increased risk of switch. Conclusions: One in 5 children switched to a second-line regimen by 5 years of ART, with two-thirds failure related. Advanced HIV, older age, and NVP-based regimens were associated with increased risk of switch